octal

Computer Arithmetic: Addition and Subtraction in Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal

2026-03-25·4718 words·23 mins

Number Systems logic binary hexadecimal octal decimal algorithms Python

The addition and subtraction rules of base 10 hold in any base: only the value that triggers the carry changes. We do arithmetic in binary, octal, and hexadecimal, see why with three addends the carry can be worth 2, and implement both algorithms in Python.

Number Bases and Integer Conversion: The Complete Guide

2026-03-23·4677 words·23 mins

Number Systems logic binary hexadecimal octal decimal base conversion

In any base, the value of the base itself is written 10. We start from positional notation to convert integers between decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal, using expansion, successive divisions, bit grouping, and Python’s bin, oct, hex, and int functions.

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